List of 108 Upanishad names (with basic information)

List of 108 Upanishad names (with basic information)

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Just before going to “List of 108 Upanishad names (with basic information)“, let us know a brief, basic and very important information.

Dear friends, just before knowing the list of Upanishads names, let us have a brief idea of those great and divine Upanishads.

The Upanishads in Sanskrit is pronounced as उपनिषत् (ಉಪನಿಷತ್) (upaniṣat) or उपनिषद् (ಉಪನಿಷದ್) (upaniṣad).

Upanishads are Vedic Sanskrit texts of Hindu Sanatana Dharma which explains the basis of Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism).

Upanishads are one of the main part of the Vedas (the oldest scriptures of Sanatana Dharma / Hinduism).

The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta as per Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism).

Vedanta has been interpreted as the “last chapters, parts of the Veda” and alternatively as “object, the highest purpose of the Veda“.

The aim of all Upanishads is to investigate the nature of आत्मन् (ಆತ್ಮನ್ / ātman) (self).

Various ideas about the relation between आत्मन् (ಆತ್ಮನ್ / ātman) (self) and ब्राह्मण् (ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ್ / brāhmaṇ) (Supreme God – Vishnu) can be found, and later commentators tried to harmonize this diversity.

The recent sampradayas (traditions) have given their own explanations on the Upanishads.

The modern day Vedic schools belong to Sri Adi Shankaracharya‘s Advaita Vedanta (monistic or non-dualistic), Sri Ramanujacharya‘s Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism), and Sri Madhvacharya‘s Dvaita (dualism).

Now, first let us know the list of the names of Upanishads and later let us know the basic idea of all those Upanishads.

List of 108 Upanishad names (with basic information) is as given below:

1. Isha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Isha Upanishad is written as ईशोपनिषद् (īśōpaniṣad) (ईश उपनिषद्) (īśa upaniṣad).

The name Isha Upanishad is derived from the Sanskrit terms īśā + vāsyam, that is, Lord + Enveloped = enveloped by the Lord or concealed in the Lord.

The Isha Upanishad explains about the the Atman (Self) theory, and is by and large described by both Dvaita Siddhanta (dualism) and Advaita Siddhanta (non-dualism) schools of Vedanta.

2. Kena Upanishad : In Sanskrit Kena Upanishad is written as केनोपनिषद् (kēnōpaniṣad) (केन उपनिषद्) (kēna upaniṣad).

This divine Kena Upanishad is notable in its discussion of Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu) with saguna (attributes) and nirguna (without attributes).

It shows the efficient cause of all the Devatas (Demigods), symbolically envisioned as forces of Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu).

3. Katha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Katha Upanishad is written as कठोपनिषद् (kaṭhōpaniṣad) (कठ उपनिषद्) (kaṭha upaniṣad).

The Katha Upanishad explains the classical story of a little boy (approximately 5 years), Nachiketa.

Nachiketa was the son of Rishi (Sage) Vājashravas or Uddālaki (father). Nachiketa meets Lord Sri Yama Deva (deity of death) alive in Yama Loka.

In Katha Upanishad discusses about the conversation between Nachiketa and Lord Sri Yama Deva in regarding to the nature of manushya (human), gyan (knowledge), atman (self) and moksha (liberation).

4. Prashna Upanishad : In Sanskrit Prashna Upanishad is written as प्रश्नोपनिषद् (praśnōpaniṣad) (प्रश्न उपनिषद्) (praśna upaniṣad).

This Prashna Upanishad has six Prashna (questions), and each is a chapter with a discussion of answers of these all six questions.

Each and every chapter ends with the phrase, prasnaprativakanam, which means, ‘thus ends the answer to the question.

5. Mundaka Upanishad : In Sanskrit Mundaka Upanishad is written as मुण्डकोपनिषद् (muṇḍakōpaniṣad) (मुण्डक उपनिषद्) (muṇḍaka upaniṣad).

The Mundaka Upanishad contains three Mundakams (parts), each with two sections.

Mundaka Upanishad is presented as a conversation between great Rishi Saunaka and Maharishi Angiras.

Mundaka Upanishad is in the form of poetry, with 64 verses, written in the form of mantras.

But, we should note that, these mantras are not used in daily or special rituals or ceremonies, rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge only.

6. Mandukya Upanishad : In Sanskrit it Mandukya Upanishad is written as माण्डुक्योउपनिषद् (māṇḍukyōpaniṣad) (माण्डुक्य उपनिषद्) (māṇḍukya upaniṣad). 

The Mandukya Upanishad is the shortest form of all the Upanishads.

Mandukya Upanishad talks about ॐ (ōṁ) Aum and also asserts that ॐ (ōṁ) Aum is Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu).

7. Taittiriya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Taittiriya Upanishad is written as तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद् or तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद् (taittirīya upaniṣad or taittirīyōpaniṣad).

The Taittiriya Upanishad is the 7th, 8th and 0th chapters of Taittirīya Āraṇyaka, which are also called as शिक्षावल्ली (Śikṣāvallī), आनन्दवल्ली (Ānandavallī) and भृगुवल्ली (Bhṛguvallī) respectively.

The Taittiriya Upanishad includes verses as given below:

Partial prayers and benedictions, partial instruction on phonetics and praxis, partial advice on ethics and morals given to graduating students from ancient Vedic Gurukuls, partial information about treatise on allegory, and partial philosophical instruction.

8. Aitareya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Aitareya Upanishad is written as ऐतरेय उपनिषद् or ऐतरेयोपनिषद् (aitarēya upaniṣad or aitarēyōpaniṣad).

Aitareya Upanishad gives clarification about three philosophical themes as given below:

First, the universe and human is the creation of the Atman; second, the theory that the Atman undergoes multiple births; third, the consciousness is the essence of Atman.

9. Chandogya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Chandogya Upanishad is written as छान्दोग्य उपनिषद् or छान्दोग्योपनिषद् (candōgya upaniṣad or chandōgyōpaniṣad).

Chandogya Upanishad is one of the largest Upanishad and has eight Prapathakas (chapter of lectures), and each chapter has multiple volumes, and each volume contains many verses.

10. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad : In Sanskrit Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is written as बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् or बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् (br̥hadāraṇyaka upaniṣad or br̥hadāraṇyakōpaniṣad).

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad discusses about Ātman, metaphysics, ethics, yearning for knowledge etc.

11. Brahma Upanishad : In Sanskrit Brahma Upanishad is written as ब्रह्मोपनिषद् (brahmōpaniṣad) (ब्रह्म उपनिषद्) (brahma upaniṣad).

It talks about atma (soul) and its four avasthas (consciousness states) and four seats, that is –

The seats for the purpose of achieving Dhyana (mediation) of the Nirguna Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu). It is presented as a conversation between Rishi Pippalada and Rishi Shaunaka.

12. Kaivalya Upanishad : Kaivalya Upanishad in Sanskrit is written as कैवल्योपनिषद् (kaivalyōpaniṣad) (कैवल्य उपनिषद्) (kaivalya upaniṣad).

Kaivalya Upanishad is a part of the collection of the Vedanta literature that presents the philosophical concepts of Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism).

Also, Kaivalya Upanishad discusses about atman (self) and its relation to Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu), and self-knowledge as the path to Kaivalya (Moksha / liberation).

13. Jabala Upanishad : In Sanskrit Jabala Upanishad is written as जाबलोपनिषद् (jābalōpaniṣad) (जाबल उपनिषद्) (jābala upaniṣad).

Jabala Upanishad discusses about the subject of renouncing the material life for the exclusive pursuit of  adhyatmika gyan (jnana) (spiritual knowledge).

Likewise, Jabala Upanishad talks about the divine city of Varanasi (Kashi) in spiritual terms, as Avimuktam.

Similarly, Jabala Upanishad explains about how that city of Varanasi (Kashi) became holy, then also adds that the holiest place to revere is one within the atman (soul and / or self).

14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad : In Sanskrit Shvetashvatara Upanishad is written as श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद् (śvētāśvatarōpaniṣad) (श्वेताश्वतर उपनिषद्) (śvētāśvatara upaniṣad).

The Shvetashvatara Upanishad openly talks discusses about the metaphysical questions about the primal cause of all existence, its birth, its end, and what role, if any, time, nature, necessity, chance, and the spirit had as the primal cause.

15. Hamsa Upanishad : Sometimes it is also pronounced as Hansa Upanishad. In Sanskrit it is written as हंसोपनिषद् (hamsōpaniṣad) (hansōpaniṣad) (हंस उपनिषद्) (hamsa upaniṣad) hansa upaniṣad.

Hamsa Upanishad is structured as a discourse between Maharishi Gautama and the divine Sanatkumara, on the knowledge of Hamsa-vidya as a prelude to Brahmavidya.

Hamsa Upanishad explains the divine sound of ॐ (ōṁ), its relation to Hamsa (Hansa), and how meditating on this prepares one on the journey towards realizing Paramahamsa (Sannyasi / Sanyasi).

16. Aruneya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Aruneya Upanishad is written as आरुणेयोपनिषद् (āruṇiyōpaniṣad) (आरुणेय उपनिषद्) (āruṇēya upaniṣad).

Aruneya Upanishad explains about the cultural phenomenon of a Sannyasi (Sanyasi), that is, about a Hindu Monk, a practitioner of Sannyasa Ashrama or renunciation. 

The Aruneya Upanishad also describes the attributes and lifestyle of a Paramahamsa (Sannyasi / Sanyasi / Hindu Monk), who has achieved the highest state of adhyatmika gyan (jnana) (spiritual knowledge).

17. Garbha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Garbha Upanishad is written as गर्भोपनिषद् (garbhōpaniṣad) (गर्भ उपनिषद्) (garbha upaniṣad).

The Garbha Upanishad is among the Upanishad that exclusively comments on medical and physiology-related themes.

This texts deals with the theory of the formation and development of the manushya bhrinam (मनुष्य भ्रूणम् / human embryo) and human body after birth.

18. Narayana Upanishad : In Sanskrit Narayana Upanishad is written as नारायणोपनिषद् (nārāyaṇōpaniṣad) (नारायण उपनिषद्) (nārāyaṇa upaniṣad).

This divine Narayana Upanishad was recited by Lord Sri Rama to his greatest devotee Hanuman.

The Narayana Upanishad asserts that “Om Namo Narayanaya“, an ashtakshari mantra (eight-syllabled mantra), as a means of reaching Moksha (salvation), which is communion with Lord Sri Vishnu.

The Narayana Upanishad clarifies that “all Devatas (Demigods), all rishis, and all beings are born from Lord Narayana (Vishnu), and also finally will merge into Lord Narayana (Vishnu)“.

19. Paramahamsa Upanishad : This Upanishad is also pronounced as Paramahansa Upanishad.

In Sanskrit it is written as परमहंसोपनिषद् (paramahamsōpaniṣad) (paramahansōpaniṣad) (परमहंस उपनिषद्) (paramahamsa upaniṣad) (paramahansa upaniṣad).

It is categorized as one of the Sannyasa (Sanyasa) Upanishads. According to Sri Madhwacharya Ji, Paramahamsa is one of the avatars of Lord Sri Vishnu himself.

In this avatar of Paramahamsa, Lord Sri Vishnu imparted Vedas to Lord Sri Brahma Deva in the form of Divine Swan (Hamsa / Hansa).

The Paramahamsa Upanishad is a discourse between the Lord Sri Brahma Deva and Maharishi Narada.

Lord Sri Brahma Deva and Maharishi Narada’s conversation gives importance to the attributes of Paramahamsa (highest soul) Yogi.

The Paramahamsa Upanishad explains a Sannyasi (Sanyasi / monk) as a Jivanmukta (a liberated soul) while alive, and Videhamukta is liberation in afterlife.

20. Amritabindu Upanishad : In Sanskrit Amritabindu Upanishad is written as अमृतबिन्दोपनिषद् (amr̥tabindōpaniṣad) (अमृतबिन्दु उपनिषद्) (amr̥tabindu upaniṣad).

The Amritabindu Upanishad condemns the bookish learning and give importance on continuous practice, as well as for presenting a six limbed Yoga system.

This six limbed Yoga system match five stages of the eight stage Patanjali’s Yogasutras and offering a unique, different sixth stage.

21. Amrita Nadabindu Upanishad : In simple words this text is known as Nadabindu Upanishad (नादबिन्दोपनिषद्) (nādabindōpaniṣad) (नादबिन्दु उपनिषद्) (nādabindu upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this text is written as अमृत नादबिन्दु उपनिषद् (amr̥ta nādabindu upaniṣad) (अमृतनादबिन्दोपनिषद्) (amr̥tanādabindōpaniṣad).

Sometimes, this Upanishad is also known as ‘Amrita-Nada-Bindu Upanishad‘. In Sanskrit it is written as अमृतनादबिन्दोपनिषद् (amr̥tanādabindōpaniṣad).

The Nadabindu Upanishad is composed in poetic style. The text Nadabindu Upanishad opens with a metaphorical comparison of Atman (Soul, Self) as a Hamsa (Hansa) bird (swan).

This texts compares both to the ॐ (ōṁ) symbol and the Samkhya (Sankhya) theory of three Gunas.

Also, this scriptures asserts true Yoga involves meditation and renunciation from all attachments to material things.

22. Atharvashiras Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as अथर्वशिरस् उपनिषद् (atharvaśiras upaniṣad) (अथर्वशिरसोपनिषद्) (atharvaśirasōpaniṣad).

This text describes that all gods are Lord Sri Rudra Deva (Shiva), everything and everyone are Lord Sri Rudra (Shiva), and Lord Sri Rudra Deva (Shiva) is the principle found in all things.

23. Atharvashikha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Atharvashikha Upanishad is written as अथर्वशिखोपनिषद् (atharvaśīkhōpaniṣad) (अथर्वशिख उपनिषद्) (atharvaśikha upaniṣad).

The Atharvashikha Upanishad is composed via the voice of the Rishi Atharvan, to whom the Atharva (Atharvana) Veda is excessively attributed.

The word Atharvashikha = Atharva + Shikha = Tip of the Atharvan. Shikha also means “a particular hymn or formula” and “jata (जटा)“.

The Atharvashikha Upanishad talks and equates ॐ (ōṁ) symbol to Lord Shiva.

24. Maitrayaniya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Maitrayaniya Upanishad is written as मैत्रायणीयोपनिषद् (maitrāyaṇīyōpaniṣad) (मैत्रायणीय उपनिषद्) (maitrāyaṇīya upaniṣad).

Maitrayaniya Upanishad is also called as Maitri Upanishad (Related to Rishi Maitreya).

This texts mainly deals with the concept and nature of Atman (Self), the question of “how is joy possible?” and “how one can achieve Moksha / Mukti (liberation)?”.

25. Kaushitaki Upanishad : Kaushitaki Upanishad in Sanskrit is written as कौषीतकियोपनिषद् (kauṣītakiyōpaniṣad) (कौषीतकि उपनिषद्) (kauṣītaki upaniṣad).

This Upanishad is also called as Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad (कौषीतकि ब्राह्मण उपनिषद्).

This Kaushitaki Upanishad talks about rebirth and transmigration of Atman (Self), life is affected by Karma, and then it also discusses whether there is Moksha (liberation) and freedom from the cycles of birth and rebirth.

26. Brihajjabala Upanishad : In Sanskrit Brihajjabala Upanishad is known as बृहज्जाबालोपिनषद् (br̥hajjābālōpaniṣad) (बृहज्जाबाल उपनिषद्) (br̥hajjābāla upaniṣad).

This text explains the process of producing Vibhuti (Bhasma) (sacred ash), methods of using it for Tilaka Tripundra on various parts of the body, and its meaning. The text also mentions Rudraksha as prayer beads.

27. Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as नृसिंह तापनीय उपनिषद् or नृसिंहतापनीयोपनिषद् (nr̥sinha tāpanīya upaniṣad or nr̥sinhatāpanīyōpaniṣad).

The text Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad is noteworthy which affirms a fourfold identity, that Atman (soul, self) is same as the below:

ॐ (ōṁ), Brahman (Absolute Reality), Lord Sri Vishnu’s avatar of Man-Lion avatar, Nrisimha (Narasimha).

28. Kalagni Rudra Upanishad : In Sanskrit Kalagni Rudra Upanishad is written as कालाग्निरुद्रोपनिषद् (kālāgnirudrōpaniṣad) (कालाग्नि रुद्र उपनिषद्) (kālāgni rudra upaniṣad).

The Kalagni Rudra Upanishad is a dialogue by Kalagni Rudra (Lord Shiva) to Sanatkumara about Tripundra, that consists three horizontal lines of sacred ash on the forehead.

29. Maitreya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Maitreya Upanishad is written as मैत्रेयोपनिषद् (maitrēyōpaniṣad) (मैत्रेय उपनिषद्) (maitrēya upaniṣad).

The Maitreya Upanishad clarifies the renunciation and self-knowledge is the path to Moksha / Mukti (liberation).

Rishi Maitreya says in this Upanishad that, “the Lord (Lord Sri Vishnu) is within the heart of each person, he is the witness of all, and the object of the ultimate love“.

30. Subala Upanishad : In Sanskrit Subala Upanishad is written as सुबालोपनिषद् (subālōpaniṣad) (सुबाल उपनिषद्) (subāla upaniṣad).

The Subala Upanishad text along with the Mudgala Upanishad, are the two Upanishads that talks about the Purusha Sukta of Rigveda.

Both Subala Upanishad and Mudgala Upanishad authenticates that Lord Narayana (Lord Sri Vishnu) is the one and only Brahman (Highest Reality, Supreme Personality).

31. Kshurika Upanishad : In Sanskrit Kshurika Upanishad is written as क्षुरिकोपनिषद् (kṣurikōpaniṣad) (क्षुरिक उपनिषद्) (kṣurika upaniṣad).

In the divine language of Sanskrit, the word Kshurika means ‘razor‘, and in Kshurika Upanishad, it signifies Yoga (Yogasana) being a tool to cut oneself away from Maya (illusion) and errors.

The Kshuruka Upanishad includes different sections on Yoga postures, Pranayama (breath exercises) and withdrawal of senses from outside to inside as a means to cleanse the body and mind.

The aim of Yogasana as per Kshurika Upanishad, is to know and liberate one’s atma (soul).

32. Mantrika Upanishad : In Sanskrit Mantrika Upanishad is written as मन्त्रिकोपनिषद् (māntrikōpaniṣad) (मन्त्रिक उपनिषद्) (māntrika upaniṣad).

The Mantrika Upanishad is also called Culika Upanishad (चूलिका उपनिषद् / cūlikā upaniṣad). Mantrika Upanishad was narrated by Lord Sri Rama to Hanuman.

The Mantrika Upanishad contains 21 verses. It attempts a syncretic but unsystematic formulation of ideas from Samkhya (Sankhya), Yoga, Vedanta and Bhakti (devotion).

33. Sarvasara Upanishad : In Sanskrit Sarvasara Upanishad is written as सर्वसारोपनिषद् (sarvasārōpaniṣad) (सर्वसार उपनिषद्) (sarvasāra upaniṣad).

This text of Sarvasara Upanishad is composed in the style of glossary of Vedanta terms.

The Sarvasara Upanishad begins by listing twenty three questions. For example, what is Moksha (Liberation), what is Avidya (Ignorance) and what is Vidya (Knowledge)? etc.

Later, Sarvasara Upanishad gives the answers for all the twenty three answers.

34. Niralamba Upanishad : In Sanskrit Niralamba Upanishad is written as निरालम्बोपनिषद् (nirālambōpaniṣad) (निरालम्ब उपनिषद्) (nirālamba upaniṣad).

In the Niralamba Upanishad, it is said that that all men, women, all living beings, Hindu Deities such as Lord Sri Vishnu, Lord Sri Brahma Deva, Lord Sri Rudra Deva (Shiva), Lord Sri Indra, etc. are in their essence just the same ultimate reality that is, Brahman.

(As per the explanation by great saints, all these are the names of Lord Sri Vishnu himself and thus the Supreme God is Lord Sri Vishnu himself.)

35. Shukarahasya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Shukarahasya Upanishad is written as शुकरहस्योपनिषद् (śukarahasyōpaniṣad) (शुकरहस्य उपनिषद्) (śukarahasya upaniṣad).

In this Shukarahasya, Shuka means Shuka Muni (Shukacharya) and Rahasya means the secret knowledge with Shuka Muni.

The Shukarahasya Upanishad informs that, sages asking Lord Sri Brahma Deva to teach them the Rahasya Upanishad (Secret knowledge).

Lord Sri Brahma Deva replies that he will recite to them what Lord (Sage) Sri Vedavyasa, the composer of the four Vedas, once learnt from Lord Shiva, when Lord (Sage) Sri Vedavyasa asked for advice on educating his own son named Shuka Muni.

[Here Lord (Sage) Sri Vedavyasa Ji is an avatar of Lord Sri Vishnu and Shuka Muni (Shukacharya) is an avatar of Lord Shiva.]

36. Vajrasuchi Upanishad : In Sanskrit Vajrasuchi Upanishad is written as वज्रसूचोपनिषद् (vajrasūcōpaniṣad) (वज्रसूचि उपनिषद्) (vajrasūci upaniṣad).

The Vajrasuchi Upanishad informs that there are four varnas, that is, the Brahmana (Brahmin), the Kshatriya, the Vaishya and the Shudra.

The Brahmana (Brahmin), is declared by Smriti to be chief. But the inside meaning is, this social division is justified by Jiva (life, soul), Jnana (gyan) (knowledge), Karma (deeds), Dharmic (virtues) and not at all by birth.

37. Tejobindu Upanishad : In Sanskrit Tejobindu Upanishad is written as तेजोबिन्दोपनिषद् (tējōbindōpaniṣad) (तेजोबिन्दू उपनिषद्) (tējōbindu upaniṣad).

Tejobindu Upanishad informs that meditation is very difficult, but definitely empowering.

The Tejobindu Upanishad does not encourage the scriptural studies, but rather encourages the practice of practical meditation.

38. Nadabindu Upanishad : Nadabindu Upanishad in Sanskrit is written as नादबिन्दोपनिषद् (nādabindōpaniṣad) (नादबिन्दु उपनिषद्) (nādabindu upaniṣad).

Sometimes, this Upanishad is also known as ‘Amrita-Nada-Bindu Upanishad‘. In Sanskrit it is written as अमृतनादबिन्दोपनिषद् (amr̥tanādabindōpaniṣad).

The Nadabindu Upanishad is composed in poetic style. The text Nadabindu Upanishad opens with a metaphorical comparison of Atman (Soul, Self) as a Hamsa (Hansa) bird (swan).

This texts compares both to the ॐ (ōṁ) symbol and the Samkhya (Sankhya) theory of three Gunas.

Also, this scriptures asserts true Yoga involves meditation and renunciation from all attachments to material things.

39. Dhyanabindu Upanishad : In Sanskrit Dhyanabindu Upanishad is written as ध्यानबिन्दू उपनिषतद् (dhyānabindu upaniṣatad) (ध्यानबिन्दोपनिषतद्) (dhyānabindōpaniṣatad).

Dhyanabindu Upanishad talks about the meditation in Yoga. It narrates that silence during meditation is prompting of the infinite subtleness.

Also Dhyanabindu Upanishad gives importance about an Atman (soul) in every living being, and that a Yogi must explore to understand both the part as well as the whole of everything.

40. Brahmavidya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Brahmavidya Upanishad is written as ब्रह्मविद्या उपनिषद् (brahmavidyā upaniṣad) (ब्रह्मविद्योपनिषद्) (brahmavidōpaniṣad).

Brahmavidya Upanishad narrates that ॐ (ōṁ) is Brahman (supreme reality).

The Brahmavidya Upanishad mainly describes the form of ॐ (ōṁ), features of the sound ॐ (ōṁ), its placement, its start and end, and the importance of the Laya (rhythm) (disappearance of ॐ (ōṁ) sound).

41. Yogatattva Upanishad : In Sanskrit Yogatattva Upanishad is written as योगतत्त्व उपनिषद् (yōgatattva upaniṣad) (योगतत्त्वोपनिषद्) (yōgatattvōpaniṣad).

Yogatattva Upanishad shares the suggestions with the योगसूत्र (Yogasutra), हथ योग (Hatha Yoga), and कुण्डलिनि योग (Kundalini Yoga).

Similarly, Yogatattva Upanishad includes a dialogue of four styles of yoga, that is, मन्त्र योग (Mantra Yoga), लय योग (Laya Yoga), हथ योग (Hatha yoga) and राज योग (Raja Yoga).

42. Atmabodha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Atmabodha Upanishad is written as आत्मबोध उपनिषद् (ātmabōdha upaniṣad) (आत्मबोधोपनिषद्) (ātmabōdhōpaniṣad).

Atmabodha Upanishad starts with a shloka (hymn) about Lord Sri Vishnu (Narayana). Eventually it focuses on its crucial theme of Atmabodha, that is, about “State of knowledge of the inner self“.

The Atmabodha Upanishad continues to speak about the “antar brahman“, that is, the innermost Lord Sri Vishnu (Brahman) (irrevocable reality).

43. Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as नारदपरिव्राजक उपनिषद् (nāradaparivrājaka upaniṣad) (नारदपरिव्राजकोपनिषद्) (nāradaparivrājakōpaniṣad).

Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad explains the rites of passage in relationship with renunciation and the life of a monastic path as a sannyasi (sanyasi) in Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) Ashrama (Ashram) tradition.

44. Trishikhabrahmana (Trishikhibrahmana) Upanishad : In Sanskrit Trishikhabrahmana Upanishad is written as त्रिशिखब्राह्मण उपनिषद् (triśikhabrāhmaṇa upaniṣad) (त्रिशिखब्राह्मणोपनिषद्) (triśikhabrāhmaṇōpaniṣad).

The Trishikhabrahmana Upanishad talks about the non-relative nature of the metaphysical reality of Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu), Atman (soul), and explains eight limb yoga as a means to self-knowledge.

45. Sita Upanishad : In Sanskrit Sita Upanishad is written as सीता उपनिषद् (sītā upaniṣad) (सीतोपनिषद्) (sītōpaniṣad).

In Sita Upanishad Goddess Sri Sita Devi is praised as the Supreme Reality (After Lord Sri Vishnu) of the Universe (Brahman), the basis of Being (Spirituality), and material cause behind all manifestation.

The Sita Upanishad recognizes Goddess Sri Sita Devi as the primordial प्रकृति (Prakriti) (nature) and her three powers, asserts the text, are manifested in daily life as will इच्छा (ichha) (wish), क्रिया (kriyā) action and ज्ञान (jnana) (gyan) (knowledge).

 46. Yogachudamani Upanishad : In Sanskrit Yogachudamani Upanishad is written as योगचूडामणि उपनिषद् (yōgacūḍāmaṇi upaniṣad) (योगचूडामणोपनिषद्) (yōgacūḍāmaṇōpaniṣad).

The Yogachudamani Upanishad narrates about the goal to attain the Kaivalya (Moksha / Liberation).

This text of Yogachudamani Upanishad also explains about the following:

Kundalini yoga including a discussion of चक्र (chakras) (energy centers), नाडी (nadis) (blood and energy vessels), प्राण वायु (prana vayus) (life force air), मुद्रा (mudras) (various forms) and शक्ति (shakti) (power).

47. Nirvana Upanishad : In Sanskrit Nirvana Upanishad is written as निर्वाण उपनिषद् (निर्वाणोपनिषद्) (nirvāṇōpaniṣad).

Nirvana Upanishad explains about the Sannyasi (Sanyasi) (renouncer) (Hindu Monk), his ‘bahiranga stithi‘ (external state), his ‘antaranga stithi‘ (inner state).

48. Mandala Brahmana Upanishad : In Sanskrit Mandala Brahmana Upanishad is written as मण्डलब्राह्मण उपनिषद् (maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa upaniṣad) (मण्डलब्राह्मणोपनिषद्) (maṇḍalabrāhmaṇōpaniṣad).

Mandala Brahmana Upanishad explains Yoga as a path to self-knowledge, that is, the supreme wisdom.

Mandala Brahmana Upanishad is about the teaching of Lord Narayana (Vishnu / Purusha) to Rishi Yajnavalkya.

49. Dakshinamurti Upanishad : In Sanskrit Dakshinamurti Upanishad is written as दक्षिणामूर्ति उपनिषद् (dakṣiṇāmūrti upaniṣad) (दक्षिणामूर्तोपनिषद्) (dakṣiṇāmūrtōpaniṣad).

Dakshinamurti Upanishad narrates about the Lord Shiva as Dakshinamurti, an aid to the liberating knowledge that Lord Shiva is within oneself as Atman (self, soul), and everything one does in daily life is an offering to the Lord Shiva.

[Dakshinamurti = Dakshina + Murti = Towards right side + Lord Sri Vishnu = He (Lord Shiva) is someone who always worships Lord Sri Vishnu, who stays on the right side of Lord Shiva.]

50. Sharabha Upanishad : In Sanskrit Sharabha Upanishad is written as शरभ उपनिषद् (śarabha upaniṣad) (शरभोपनिषद्) (śarabhōpaniṣad).

Sharabha Upanishad praises Lord Shiva as the Lord of the world who incarnates himself as a Sharabha, that is, as a human-lion-bird form.

51. Skanda Upanishad : In Sanskrit Skanda Upanishad is written as स्कंद उपनिषद् (skanda upaniṣad) (स्कंदोपनिषद्) (skandōpaniṣad).

Skanda Upanishad is narrated by Lord Kartikeya (Skanda). The Skanda Upanishad describes that Skanda is the ultimate reality called Brahman.

Lord Skanda in this Upanishad of Skanda Upanishad is also described as consciousness, Atman (soul, self), and Lord Shiva.

(Note : We should always remember that all the names like Skanda, Shiva, Brahma, Lakshmi, Indra, etc. etc. etc. are the names of Lord Sri Vishnu himself.)

(And thus Lord Sri Vishnu is always the Supreme and this is the inner meaning of the above.)

52. Mahanarayana Upanishad : In Sanskrit Mahanarayana Upanishad is written as महानारायण उपनिषद् (mahānārāyaṇa upaniṣad) (महानारायणोपनिषद्) (mahānārāyaṇōpaniṣad).

Mahanarayana Upanishad glorifies both Lord Narayana (Vishnu) and Lord Sri Rudra Deva (Shiva), as the Brahman (Supreme Lord).

53. Advayataraka (Advaya Taraka) Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as अद्वयतारक उपनिषद् (advayatāraka upaniṣad) (अद्वयतारकोपनिषद्) (advayatārakōpaniṣad).

Advayataraka Upanishad discusses about Guru (teacher). This text talks about the three goals of introspection, Taraka yoga and the advaita (nondual) nature of Reality (Brahman).

The Advayatarka Upanishad also mentions about maya (illusion).

54. Rama Rahasya Upanishad : Rama Rahasya Upanishad in Sanskrit is written as राम रहस्य उपनिषद् (rāma rahasya upaniṣad) (रामरहस्योपनिषद्) (rāmarahasyōpaniṣad).

This Rama Rahastya Upanishad is exclusively devoted to the Lord Sri Rama. The Rama Rahasya Upanishad is recited by Lord Hanuman.

Lord Hanuman says that Lord Sri Rama is the supreme Brahman and is the सचिदानन्द मूर्ति (satcitananda murti).

55. Rama Tapaniya Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text name is written as राम तापिनिय उपनिषद् (rāma tāpiniya upaniṣad) (रामतापिनियोपनिषद्) (rāmatāpiniyōpaniṣad).

Rama Tapaniya Upanishad is in two parts, that is, the initial part is known as ‘Rama Purva Tapaniya Upanishad‘ and the later part is known as ‘Rama Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad‘.

Including both of the above will make the full Rama Tapaniya Upanishad. This texts narrates Lord Sri Rama as as the Atman (soul, self) and the Brahman (Supreme Reality).

56. Vasudeva Upanishad : In Sanskrit Vasudeva Upanishad is written as वासुदेव उपनिषद् (vāsudēva upaniṣad) (वासुदेवोपनिषद्) (vāsudēvōpaniṣad).

Once Devarishi Narada visited the Lord Sri Krishna (Vasudeva) and asked Lord Sri Krishna about the directions of ‘Urdhva Pundra‘, that is, about the Vaishnava tilaka.

(Note : Urdhva Pundra means the upward (Urdhva) three lines which many Vaishnavas apply on their forehead and also on different parts of the body.)

57. Mudgala Upanishad : In Sanskrit Mudgala Upanishad is written as मुद्गल उपनिषद् (mudgala upaniṣad) (मुद्गलोपनिषद्) (mudgalōpaniṣad).

This text of Mudgala Upanishad discusses about the Purusha Sukta of Rigveda.

As per Mudgala Upanishad Lord Narayana (Vishnu) is the Brahman (Supreme God) and he created the universe, then became himself the Atman (soul) in individual living beings.

58. Shandilya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Shandilya Upanishad is written as शाण्डिल्य उपनिषद् (śāṇḍilya upaniṣad) (शाण्डिल्योपनिषद्) (śāṇḍilyōpaniṣad).

The Shandilya Upanishad mainly explains about Yoga techniques. And this text is among the most detailed in the Upanishad that is dedicated to Yoga (Yogasana).

Shandilya Upanishad explains about the 10 Yamas (ethical don’ts), 10 Niyamas (ethical to do list) and 8 Asanas (Yogasana postures).

And also it describes about the 3 Pranayamas (Breathing Yogasanas), 5 Pratyaharas, 5 Dharana, 2 Dhyanas (meditation) and also about one Samadhi.

59. Paingala Upanishad : In Sanskrit Paingala Upanishad is written as पैङ्गल उपनिषद् (paiṅgala upaniṣad) (पैङ्गलोपनिषद्) (paiṅgalōpaniṣad).

Paingala Upanishad is presented as a dialogue from the Vedic Rishi Yajnavalkya to his student Paingala.

Paingala was a student of Rishi Yajnavalkya for 12 years. The Paingala Upanishad states from the Vedas, about the Principal Upanishads such as the Katha (कठ) Upanishad and early medieval era Smriti texts.

60. Bhikshuka Upanishad : In Sanskrit Bhikshuka Upanishad is written as भिक्षुक उपनिषद् (bhikṣuka upaniṣad) (भिक्षुकोपनिषद्) (bhikṣukōpaniṣad).

Here, Bhikshuka = mendicant or Hindu Monk, that is, a “Monk (Bhikshu) who lives entirely on alms“.

Bhikshuka Upanishad explains 4 kinds of Sannyasis (Sanyasis), about their eating habits and also about their lifestyle.

61. Mahada (Maha) Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as महद (महा) उपनिषद् (mahada (mahā) upaniṣad) (महदोपनिषद्) (mahadōpaniṣad) (महोपनिषद्) (mahōpaniṣad).

This Mahada (Maha) Upanishad explains Lord Sri Vishnu as the Supreme Personality.

This is that Upanishad which teaches about “वसुधैव कुतुम्बकं” (“Vasudaiva Kutumbakam“), that is, “Whole world is one family“.

62. Shariraka Upanishad : Shariraka (Sariraka) Upanishad in Sanskrit is written as शारीरक उपनिषद् (śārīraka upaniṣad) (शारीरकोपनिषद्) (śārīrakōpaniṣad).

Shariraka Upanishad and also the Garbha Upanishad, gives importance about the relation between ‘manushya anga‘ (human body) and ‘manushya atma‘ (human soul), where and how one relates to the other, and what happens to each at birth and after death.

63. Yogashikha Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as योगशिखा उपनिषद् (yōgaśikhā upaniṣad) (योगशिखोपनिषद्) (yōgaśikhōpaniṣad).

The Yogashikha Upanishad is written in the poetic style. This text discusses about the role of yoga in achieving Moksha (Liberation), that is, while living (Jivanmukta) itself, but it contrasts to Videhamukti (liberation in afterlife).

The first chapter asserts ॐ (ōṁ) to be ‘Mula Mantra’ (original mantra), and explains ॐ (ōṁ) to be part masculine Shiva and part feminine Shakti.

64. Turiyatitavadhuta (Turiyatita Avdhuta) Upanishad : In simple words this text is also known as Turiyatita Upanishad. 

In Sanskrit this text is written as तुरीयातीत अवधूत उपनिषद् (turīyātīta avadhūta upaniṣad) (तुरीयातीतावधूतोपनिषद्) (turīyātītāvadhūtōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad explains about the nature and life of a self-realized Sannyasi (Sanyasi) (Hindu Monk) called Turiyatita-Avadhuta.

Literally this means, a totally freed man, also called a अवधूत (avadhūta) or जीवन्मुक्त (jīvanmukta).

65. Brihat Sannyasa Upanishads : In simple words this text is known as संन्यास उपनिषद् (sann’yāsa upaniṣad) (संन्यासोपनिषद्) (sann’yāsōpaniṣad).

In Sanskrit Brihat Sannyasa Upanishad is written as बृहत् संन्यास उपनिषद् (br̥hat sann’yāsa upaniṣad) (बृहत् संन्यासोपनिषद्) (br̥hat sann’yāsōpaniṣad).

This text explains about Sannyasi (Sanyasi) (Renouncer), about his various characters and his state of existence as he leads the Sannyasa (Ascetic) life in the Ashrama tradition.

66. Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as परमहम्स परिव्रजक उपनिषद् (paramahansa parivrajaka upaniṣad) (परमहम्सपरिव्रजकोपनिषद्) (paramahansaparivrājakōpaniṣad).

This Paramahamsa parivrajaka Upanishad mentions about the Sannyasa in the context of Varna (classes), and explains about the Sannyasi (Hamsas) (Ascetics) as wandering birds.

These Sannyasis pick up food wherever they can find it.

These Sannyasi (Paramahamsas) (Highest Ascetics) beg for food and water from all four castes without discrimination (But these four castes people should follow the right Dharma).

67. Akshamalika Upanishad : In simples words Akshamalika Upanishad is also known as Malika Upanishad.

In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as अक्षमालिका उपनिषद् (akṣamālikā upaniṣad) (अक्षमालिकोपनिषद्) (akṣamālikōpaniṣad).

Akshamalika Upanishad explains about अक्षमाला (akṣamālā) (rosary) and its significance during in japa (meditation).

The Akshamalika Upanishad talks about various types of rosaries, their importance, the relevant mantras, and the symbolism.

68. Avyakta Upanishad : In Sanskrit Avyakta Upanishad is written as अव्यक्त उपनिषद् (avyakta upaniṣad) (अव्यक्तोपनिषद्) (avyaktōpaniṣad).

This Avyakta Upanishad explains about cosmology, how the universe evolved after creation, asserting the premise of Rigveda’s नासदीय सूक्त (nāsadīya sūkta).

69. Ekakshara Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as एकाक्षर उपनिषद् (ēkākṣara upaniṣad) (एकाक्षरोपनिषद्) (ēkākṣarōpaniṣad).

This Ekakshara Upanishad talks about the प्रणव मन्त्र ॐ (ōṁ) (Pranava Mantra Om) as the Supreme Reality Brahman.

ॐ (ōṁ) is equated as the imperishable truth and sound, the source of the universe, that is, Lord Sri Narayana (Vishnu), the Atman (soul) that resides in everyone’s heart.

70. Annapurna Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as अन्नपूर्णा उपनिषद् (annapūrṇa upaniṣad) (अन्नपुर्णोपनिषद्) (annapūrṇōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad explains about the five types of delusions, asserting the Vedanta doctrine.

The Annapurna Upanishad says about Jivanmukti, that is, achieving freedom in the life, and the characteristics of those who reach self-knowledge.

71. Surya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Surya Upanishad is written as सूर्य उपनिषद् (sūrya upaniṣad) (सूर्योपनिषद्) (sūryōpaniṣad).

In this Surya Upanishad, Atharvangiras to whom the Atharvaveda is attributed, extols the virtues of Lord Sri Surya Deva (Sun god).

This texts mentions Lord Sri Surya’s antaryami, that is, Lord Sri SuryaNarayana (Lord Sri Vishnu) is the ultimate truth and reality Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu).

Surya Upanishad, asserts the text, Lord Sri SuryaNarayana (Lord Sri Vishnu) is the creator, protector, and destroyer of the universe.

72. Akshi Upanishad : In Sanskrit Akshi Upanishad is written as अक्षि उपनिषद् (akṣi upaniṣad) (अक्षोपनिषद्) (akṣōpaniṣad).

Akshi Upanishad talks about the Caksusmati Vidya and also discusses about Atman, Brahman, Yoga, seven steps to reach a dispassionate view of life and freedom, and the प्रणव मन्त्र (praṇava mantra), that is, ॐ (ōṁ) mantra.

73. Adhyatma Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as अध्यात्म उपनिषद् (adhyātma upaniṣad) (अध्यात्मोपनिषद्) (adhyātmōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad explanins about the eternal form of Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu), the unborn (Aja) (Lord Sri Vishnu) one who remains within the recess of the heart.

74. Kundika Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as कुण्डिका उपनिषद् (kuṇḍikā upaniṣad) (कुण्डिकोपनिषद्) (kuṇḍikōpaniṣad).

The Kundika Upanishad talks about when and how someone may become a Sannyasi (Renouncer).

75. Savitri Upanishad : In Sanskrit Savitri Upanishad is written as सावित्री उपनिषद् (sāvitrī upaniṣad) (सावित्रोपनिषद्) (sāvitrōpaniṣad).

The Savitri Upanishad narrates about the Savitri Vidya (Lord Sri Surya / Surya’s light knowledge).

This Upanishad says that everything in the universe is a manifestation of the masculine Savitru (Lord Sri Surya Narayana) and also elaborates about the Gayatri Mantra.

[Note : Here Lord Sri Surya Narayana means the ‘antaryami‘ (present inside) of Lord Sri Surya, that is, Lord Sri Narayana (Vishnu).]

76. Atma Upanishad : In Sanskrit Atma Upanishad is written as आत्मा उपनिषद् (ātmā upaniṣad) (आत्मोपनिषद्) (ātmōpaniṣad).

This text of Atma Upanishad explains about three types of Atma (Self), that is, बाह्य आत्म (bāhya ātma) (External self), अन्तर आत्म (antara ātmā) (Inner self) and परम आत्म (parama ātma) (Supreme self / Brahman / Lord Sri Vishnu).

77. Pashupatabrahma Upanishad : This text in simple words is written as Pashupata Upanishad.

In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as पाशुपतब्रह्म उपनिषद् (pāśupatabrahma upaniṣad) (पाशुपतब्रह्मोपनिषद्) (pāśupatabrahmōpaniṣad).

The Pashupatabrahma Upanishad discusses the questions addressed to the creator god Lord Sri Brahma Deva by his son Rishi Vaishravana.

The Upanishad talks about the atma (soul) as Hamsa, yoga, meditation, the uselessness of external customs and the need for inner reflection with the help of ॐ (ōṁ), and also discusses about how a man of real wisdom should behave.

78. Parabrahma Upanishad : In Sanskrit Parabrahma Upanishad is written as परब्रह्म उपनिषद् (parabrahma upaniṣad) (परब्रह्मोपनिषद्) (parabrahmōpaniṣad).

This text basically explains about the tradition of the sacred thread (janeu / Yagnopaveetham) and topknot hair tuft worn by common man and why both are abandoned by a Sannyasi.

The Parabrahma Upanishad narrates about the knowledge of the inner sacrificial string of the Sannyasi (Renouncers).

79. Avadhuta (Avadhutaka) Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as अवधूत उपनिषद् (avadhūta upaniṣad) (अवधूतोपनिषद्) (avadhūtōpaniṣad).

Avadhutaka Upanishad basically split into two parts, that is Brihad (Major) and Laghu (Minor).

The Brihad (Major) part explains about the nature and attributes of an Avadhuta (A liberated person).

The Laghu (Minor) part is a short allegorical synopsis of the eight limb Yoga, that the text asserts is part of the Avadhuta lifestyle.

80. Tripuratapini Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as त्रिपुरातापिनी उपनिषद् (tripurātāpinī upaniṣad) (त्रिपुरातापिनोपनिषद्) (tripurātāpinōpaniṣad).

Tripuratapini Upanishad is related to Devi (Goddess) and Tantra. This text narrates that the universe was created by the unification of Lord Shiva and Goddess Shakti.

All that is existing is interdependent on both the masculine (Lord Shiva) and feminine (Goddess Shakti).

81. Devi Upanishad : In Sanskrit Devi Upanishad is written as देवी उपनिषद् (dēvī upaniṣad) (देव्योपनिषद्) (dēvyōpaniṣad).

Devi Upanishad text narrates that the Goddess (Devi) is the Supreme Brahman and from her arise Prakṛti (matter) and Purusha (consciousness).

Devi (Goddess) is bliss and also the non-bliss, Vedas and what is different from it, the born and the unborn, and all of the universe.

82. Tripura Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as त्रिपुर उपनिषद् (tripura upaniṣad) (त्रिपुरोपनिषद्) (tripurōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad says that the Goddess Tripura Sundari as the Supreme Shakti (Power) of the universe and also is described as the Ultimate Consciousness, above Lord Sri Brahma Deva, Lord Sri Vishnu and Lord Shiva.

83. Katharudra Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as कठरुद्र उपनिषद् (kaṭharudra upaniṣad) (कठरुद्रोपनिषद्) (kaṭharudrōpaniṣad).

Katharudra Upanishad is a small Upanishad. Information about Lord Sri Brahma teachings about Atman is present in this text.

84. Bhavana Upanishad : In Sanskrit Bhavana Upanishad is written as भावन उपनिषद् (bhāvana upaniṣad) (भावनोपनिषद्) (bhāvanōpaniṣad).

Bhavana Upanishad explains about the human body to be the श्री यन्त्र (Sri Yantra) or श्री चक्र (Sri chakra).

This is done by mapping each part of the body to the chakra. This Upanishad also narrates that the Shakti is the Atman (soul) within.

85. Rudrahridaya Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as रुद्रहृदय उपनिषद् (rudrahr̥daya upaniṣad) (रुद्रहृदयोपनिषद्) (rudrahr̥dayōpaniṣad).

Rudrahridaya Upanishad narrates that Lord Sri Rudra Deva (Shiva) and Goddess Sri Uma Devi (Parvati) are the Supreme Reality Brahman.

This text eulogizes Lord Shiva and Goddess Sri Uma Devi (Parvati) as inseparable and also asserts that they together manifest as all Gods and Goddesses, all animate and inanimate reality of the universe.

86. Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as योगकुण्डलिनी उपनिषद् (yōgakuṇḍalini upaniṣad) (योगकुण्डलिनोपनिषद्) (yōgakuṇḍalinōpaniṣad).

This text is very important as it gives information about the Kundalini Yoga, and also explains about the Hatha Yoga and Lambika Yoga.

While the last chapter is basically about the quest of self-knowledge, Atman, Brahman and living liberation.

87. Bhasmajabala Upanishad : In simple words this Upanishad is also called as Bhasma Upanishad (भस्म उपनिषद्) (bhasma upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as भस्मजाबाल उपनिषद् (bhasmajābāla upaniṣad) (भस्मजाबालोपनिषद्) (bhasmajābālōpaniṣad).

Bhasmajabala Upanishad explains about the Bhasma (Vibhuti) (Sacred ash), and also about the Rudraksha beads as symbols and for body art.

This Upanishad narrates how the Bhasma (Ash) and Rudraksha beads are to be produced, its application on the body.

The importance of holy city of Kashi (Varanasi) and Lord Shiva temple are mentioned in the text.

88. Rudrakshajabala Upanishad : In simple words this Upanishad is also called as Rudrasha Upanishad (रुद्राक्ष उपनिषद्) (rudrākṣa upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as रुद्राक्षजाबाल उपनिषद् (rudrākṣajābāla upaniṣad) (रुद्राक्षजाबालोपनिषद्) (rudrākṣajābālōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad talks about the invocation to Brahman, the Supreme Reality for the welfare of all parts of the body, the prana (spirit), and speech.

Rudrakshajabala Upanishad is devoted to the Rudraksha (A sacred seed, which is auspicious to the Lord Shiva.

89. Ganapati Upanishad : This text is also known as Gana Upanishad (गण उपनिषद्) (gaṇa upaniṣad) or Ganopanishad (गणोपनिषद्) (gaṇōpaniṣad) or Ganapati Atharvashirsha (गणपति अथर्वशीर्ष) (gaṇapati atharvaśīrṣa).

This Upanishad asserts that Lord Ganesha as the ultimate reality, Brahman.

Lord Ganesha is explained as the ultimate truth and reality (Brahman), as Satchidananda, as the soul in oneself (Atman) and in every living being, as ॐ (ōṁ) in this Upanishad.

90. Darshana Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as दर्शन उपनिषद् (darśana upaniṣad) (दर्शनोपनिषद्) (darśanōpaniṣad).

The Darshana Upanishad presents a amalgamation of Hatha Yoga and eight limbed Patanjali Yogasutras methodology, on a foundation of Vedanta and Yoga philosophies.

This Upanishad is designed as a discourse by Lord Sri Dattatreya to Rishi (Sage) Sankriti on Yoga.

91. Tarasara Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as तारसार उपनिषद् (tārasāra upaniṣad) (तारसारोपनिषद्) (tārasārōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad mainly discusses about ॐ (ōṁ) for yogic meditation as Taraka or that which helps one cross from material world into spiritual life.

This text indicates “ॐ नमो नारायणाय” (Om Namo Narayana) (ōṁ namō nārāyaṇāya) mantra and also talks about the ॐ (ōṁ) mantra, and amalgamates into its sound with the following characters of the epic Ramayana –

Lord Sri Rama, Goddess Sri Sita Devi, Lakshmana, Hanuman, Bharata (Bharat), Shatrughna and Jambavan.

92. Mahavakya Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as महावाक्य उपनिषद् (mahāvākya upaniṣad) (महावाक्योपनिषद्) (mahāvākyōpaniṣad).

Mahavakya Upanishad explains the nature of Atman (self, soul) and Brahman (Supreme reality), then also adds that they are identical and liberation is the state of fully understanding this identity.

93. Panchabrahma Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as पञ्चब्रह्म उपनिषद् (pan̄cabrahma upaniṣad) (पञ्चब्रह्मोपनिषद्) (pan̄cabrahmōpaniṣad).

Panchabrahma Upanishad eulogizes Lord Shiva, with Vedanta non-dualism terminology.

The Upanishad mainly focuses on Lord Sadashiva (Shiva), as Brahman with five faces corresponding to five Ishwaras (Lords).

And also recommends on the meditation on “सोहम्” (sōhaṁ) or “I am he, He is I am” to achieve Moksha (liberation).

94. Pranagnihotra Upanishad : In Sanskrit this is written as प्राणाग्निहोत्र उपनिषद् (prāṇāgnihōtra upaniṣad) (प्राणाग्निहोत्रोपनिषद्) (prāṇāgnihōtrōpaniṣad).

This Pranagnihotra = Prana + Agni + Hotra = Hotra (sacrifice) offered to the Agni (fire) of Prana (breath).

The Pranagnihotra Upanishad talks about the universal Atman (soul) (God) is within one self, all Vedic Devatas (Demigods) are embodied in the human body giving one various abilities.

95. Gopala Tapani Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as गोपाल तापनी उपनिषद् (gōpāla tāpanī upaniṣad) (गोपालतापनोपनिषद्) (gōpālatāpanōpaniṣad).

This text gives importance for its lifting metric structure, its mention of ancient cultural elements like musical instruments and embedded philosophical premises.

This Upanishad is one of the most cited texts in later Bhasyas (commentaries) by great saints from the diverse schools of Sanatana Dharma.

96. Krishna Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as कृष्ण उपनिषद् (kr̥ṣṇa upaniṣad) (कृष्णोपनिषद्) (kr̥ṣṇōpaniṣad).

The great Krishna Upanishad talks about how Lord Sri Rama (Vishnu) took avatar as Lord Sri Krishna, and how various divinities and virtues became people or objects in Lord Sri Krishna‘s life.

97. Yajnavalkya Upanishad : In Sanskrit Yagnavalkya Upanishad is written as याज्ञवल्क्य उपनिषद् (yājñavalkya upaniṣad) (याज्ञवल्क्योपनिषद्) (yājñavalkyōpaniṣad).

This text explains the state and expected conduct from a Sannyasi (Sanyasi) (Hindu Monk) as he leads the ascetic life after renouncing all material and social ties.

98. Varaha Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as वराह उपनिषद् (varāha upaniṣad) (वराहोपनिषद्) (varāhōpaniṣad).

The Varaha Upanishad mainly structured as a conversation between Lord Sri Varaha (Vishnu avatar) and the Rishi (Sage) Ribhu.

The conversation contains the subjects like Tattvas, the nature and relationship between the individual Atman (Self) and Brahma (Supreme Reality), the seven stages of learning, the characteristics of Jivanmukti (inner sense of freedom while living), and the four types of Jivanmuktas (liberated persons).

99. Shatyayaniya Upanishad : This Upanishad in simple words is also called as Shatyayani Upanishad (शाट्यायनी उपनिषद्) (śāṭyāyanī upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as शाट्यायनीय उपनिषद् (śāṭyāyanīya upaniṣad) (शाट्यायनीयोपनिषद्) (śāṭyāyanīyōpaniṣad).

This text gives importance about the Sannyasa and emphasizes about the non-dualism, same renunciation rites and outlook, the use of yoga, meditation on ॐ (ōṁ) and Brahman, pursuit of living liberation.

This text also adds information about the virtuous simple life that journeys towards and with self-knowledge calling Lord Sri Vishnu as the “very self, and into whom the renouncers enter and get liberated“.

100. Hayagriva Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as हयग्रीव उपनिषद् (hayagrīva upaniṣad) (हयग्रीवोपनिषद्) (hayagrīvōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad is narrated by Lord Sri Brahma Deva to Devarishi (Sage) Narada.

This text is is a minor Upanishad, devoted to Lord Sri Hayagriva (Horse faced avatar of Lord Sri Vishnu).

This Hayagriva Upanishad gives mantras to know the nature of the supreme reality Brahman (Lord Sri Vishnu).

101. Dattatreya Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as दत्तात्रेय उपनिषद् (dattātrēya upaniṣad) (दत्तात्रेयोपनिषद्) (dattātrēyōpaniṣad).

The Dattatreya Upanishad is a Tantra work and presents a mantra that is the most popular mantra in Dattatreya tradition.

This Upanishad describes that the worship of Lord Sri Vishnu (Narayana) and Lord Sri Dattatreya (An avatar of Vishnu) leads one to the nature of Truth-Bliss-Knowledge.

102. Garuda Upanishad : In Sanskrit Garuda Upanishad is written as गरुड उपनिषद् (garuḍa upaniṣad) (गरुडोपनिषद्) (garuḍōpaniṣad).

This text has mantras and charms that are said to cure problems related to poison.

The Garuda Upanishad talks about the charms that not only can prevent the snakebite, but also poisons related to other poisonous animals, weapons and supernatural beings.

103. Kali Santarana Upanishad : In simple words this Upanishad is also called as Kali Upanishad (कलि उपनिषद्) (kali upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this text is written as कलि सन्तरण उपनिषद् (kali santaraṇa upaniṣad) (कलिसन्तरणोपनिषद्) (kalisantaraṇōpaniṣad).

In this text the Maha Mantra called as “हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण कृष्ण कृष्ण हरे हरे | हरे राम हरे राम राम राम हरे हरे ||” (harē kr̥ṣṇa harē kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa harē harē | harē rāma harē rāma rāma rāma harē harē ||) is present.

104. Jabali Upanishad : In Sanskrit this Upanishad is written as जाबालि उपनिषद् (jābāli upaniṣad) (जाबालोपनिषद्) (jābālōpaniṣad).

This Upanishad is structured as a discussion between Rishi (Sage) Jabali to Rishi (Sage) Pippalada.

The text gives importance about presenting the Pashupata theology.

Jabala Upanishad describes about Pashu and Pata means and also about the Vibhuti (ash) on one’s forehead.

105. Saubhagya Lakshmi Upanishad : In simple words this text is also called as Saubhagya Upanishad (सौभाग्य उपनिषद्) (saubhāgya upaniṣad).

In Sanskrit this text is written as सौभाग्य लक्ष्मी उपनिषद् (saubhāgya lakṣmī upaniṣad) (सौभाग्यलक्ष्मोपनिषद्) (saubhāgyalakṣmōpaniṣad).

This text explains the ideas through Goddess Sri Lakshmi Devi.

The Upanishad talks about the true wealth, and then later introduces Yoga for spiritual attainment away from material expectations and towards inner wealth.

106. Sarasvati Rahasya Upanishad : In Sanskrit this is written as सरस्वती रहस्य उपनिषद् (sarasvati rahasya upaniṣad) (सरस्वतीरहस्योपनिषद्) (sarasvatīrahasyōpaniṣad).

This text eulogizes the female part as the Shakti (power) and as the Brahman, and extensively uses a combination of devotion and Vedanta terminology.

107. Bahvricha Upanishad : In Sanskrit it is written as बह्वृच उपनिषद् (bahuvr̥ca upaniṣad) (बह्वृचोपनिषद्) (bahuvr̥cōpaniṣad).

This text explains that Atman (Self) is a Devi (Goddess) who alone existed before the creation of the universe.

Upanishad asserts that Devi (Goddess) is the Supreme power, she is the Brahman (Supreme reality).

108. Muktika Upanishad : In Sanskrit this text is written as मुक्तिका उपनिषद् (muktikā upaniṣad) (मुक्तिकोपनिषद्) (muktikōpaniṣad).

In this Upanishad, Lord Sri Rama gives a list of all the 108 Upanishads names to Hanuman.

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